Impact of covid-19 epidemic and large-scale emergency vaccination on the concept and experience of routine immunization among children's parents

Objective To understand the impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic and mass emergency vaccination on parents' perception and experience of immunization. Methods From May 6, 2021 to June 20, 202l, an online questionnaire survey was conducted among 4 171 parents of children using the mobile APP of vaccination service in Guangzhou. Results Of all the respondents, 1 911 of them (45.8%) agreed with the suspension of routine immunization measures during the COVID-19 epidemic, and 1 508 respondents (36.2%) would actively postpone child immunization even if the vaccination clinic was not stopped during the COVID-19 epidemic. 2 959 (70.9%), 2 558 (61. 3%) and 2 399 (57. 5%)respondents were satisfied with the protective measures, on-site order and service quality a ter the resumption of vaccination, respectively. 3 437 respondents (82. 4%) indicated that the COVID-19 epidemic had enhanced their attention to vaccination. A total of 1 415 (33.9%) parents of children said that the discontinuation of vaccination clinics weakened their attention to the timeliness of vaccination, and 1 380 (33.1%) parents agreed that "the postponement of vaccination will not affect the vaccination effect”. Compare to parents with higher education (university or above), parents with young children, parents with secondary education (below university), and parents with older children who were older in age themselves were relatively satisfied with the various protective measures taken by vaccination units during the period of suspension of vaccination clinics and the resumption of vaccination. They believed that the field order and the quality of vaccination service were improved. They were more sensitive to the COVID-19 epidemic and tend to actively delay vaccination. They pay more attention to the importance and timeliness of vaccination, and were vulnerable to the impact of COVID-19 epidemic and medical suspension. Due to the COVID-19 epidemic and the control measures after the resumption of vaccination, 1 882 (45. 1%) children missed routine vaccination. The top three reasons were that the outpatient clinic only had the appointment number but could not make an appointment, the outpatient clinic reduced the daily dose of vaccination, and the outpatient discontinuation. Conclusion The satisfaction of parents of children in Guangzhou with the prevention and control measures of vaccination clinics during the COVID-19 epidemic and after the resumption of vaccination is above the medium level. The COVID-19 epidemic and the suspension of vaccination clinics have a two-way impact on the immunization concept and behavior of parents of children in Guangzhou, and some parents increase their attention to immunization. A small number of parents weakened their emphasis on the timeliness of vaccination, suggesting that vaccination units need to arrange staff and vaccination time reasonably, relieve the pressure on vaccination caused by the backlog of COVID-19 epidemic, carry out targeted positive publicity and guidance, and spread the correct knowledge of vaccination, so as to eliminate the doubts of children's parents. © 2023, Editorial Department of Medical Pest Control. All rights reserved.

Promoting Physical Activity in Children through Smartphone Service Intervention

Background Against the problem of declining physical activity among youth after COVID-19, this study has developed a design-led intervention that promotes physical activity using a smartphone service for families with children in upper grades of elementary school. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of design elements constituting the intervention program via testing the service against a family with children in upper grades of elementary school. Methods Through forming a multidisciplinary team between the Department of Design and the Department of Children and Families, the study developed a strategy to instigate a constructive behavioral change to help family members become more physically active at home. The strategy used information, empowerment, and motivation as a driver of stimuli. A 13-day home user test was conducted to examine its effectiveness and to identify its limitations for future enhancements. Results Through the home user test, it was achievable to confirm an increase in actual physical activity as well as beneficial improvements in the perception of regulating physiological activity into habits. It was observed that motivation was internalized through family-level behavior intervention, parental role modeling through feed-forward information, reinforcing the importance of physical activity in children and adolescents, and experiencing a sense of accomplishment and self-efficacy from achieving their daily goals. Conclusions Based on theoretical considerations for motivation and the maintenance of changed behavior, a service that combines various intervention elements, is presented in this paper. This resulted in an understanding of the theoretical background and anticipated impacts on the future development of such smartphone-based services for tackling social issues such as sedentary behavior. Through this study, both children and their parents would be better equipped to make positive contributions to building a healthy community. © 2023, Archives of Design Research. All rights reserved.

Effectiveness of project￣based on learning of COVID￣19 prevention and protection among primary school students

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of project- based learning of COVID- 19 prevention and protection among pri- mary school students. Methods In February 2020 all the participants were selected from grade one grade three and grade six in a primary school in Hefei and were randomly assigned into the experimental group 532 students and the control group 530 students. Project- based learning methods was administered in health education of COVID- 19 prevention and protection in the ex- perimental group for two weeks with the traditional health education for the control group. Questionnaire survey was conducted be- fore and after experimental. Results After carrying out project- based learning the awareness rate of COVID- 19 protection knowl- edge in the project group was 99.43% while that in the control group was 74.74% after traditional education methods the propor- tion of excellent students was 96.43% in intervention group and 45.11% in control group with significant statistical difference χ2 = 346.62 P<0.01. Conclusion Project- based learning is superior than traditional health education in terms of improvement in self- protection against COVID- 19 among students. © 2022 The authors.

Experts proposal and frequently asked questions of rapid screening and prevention of novel coronavirus pneumonia in children.

The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) has become the most severe public health issue at the moment, threatening people's lives. Pediatricians in Shanghai have recently launched a discussion on the focused questions of NCP, including the incidence situation, epidemiological features, essentials of early screening, treatment and nosocomial infection prevention of children's novel coronavirus infection (2019-nCoV), and further put forward the experts proposal upon the patterns of disease occurrence, development, diagnosis and control, for the reference of frontline pediatricians.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.

Numerical investigation of airborne transmission in low-ceiling rooms under displacement ventilation

This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to evaluate the risk of airborne transmission of COVID-19 in low-ceiling rooms, such as elevator cabins, under mechanical displacement ventilation. The simulations take into account the effects of the human body's thermal environment and respiratory jet dynamics on the transmission of pathogens. The results of the study are used to propose a potential mitigation strategy based on ventilation thermal control to reduce the risk of airborne transmission in these types of enclosed indoor spaces. Our findings demonstrate that as the ventilation rate (Qv) increases, the efficiency of removing airborne particles (ϵp) initially increases rapidly, reaches a plateau (ϵp,c) at a critical ventilation rate (Qc), and subsequently increases at a slower rate beyond Qc. The Qc for low-ceiling rooms is lower compared to high-ceiling rooms due to the increased interaction between the thermal plume generated by the occupants or infectors and the ventilation. Further analysis of the flow and temperature fields reveals that ϵp is closely linked to the thermal stratification fields, as characterized by the thermal interface height and temperature gradient. When Qv < Qc, hT,20.7 < him (him is the height of infector's mouth) and aerosol particles are injected into the upper warm layer. As Qv increases, the hti also increases following the 3/5 law, which helps displace the particles out of the room, resulting in a rapid increase of ϵp. However, when Qv > Qc, hT,20.7 > him and aerosol particles are injected into the lower cool layer. The hti deviates from 3/5 law and increases at a much slower rate, causing an aerosol particle lockup effect and the ϵp to plateau. In addition, as the Qc increases, the local flow recirculation above the infector head is also enhanced, which leads to the trapping of more particles in that area, contributing to the slower increase in ϵp. The simulations also indicate that the location of infector relative to ventilation inlet/outlet affects Qc and ϵp,c with higher Qc and lower ϵp,c observed when infector is in a corner due to potential formation of a local hot spot of high infection risk when infector is near the ventilation inlet. In conclusion, based on the simulations, we propose a potential ventilation thermal control strategy, by adjusting the ventilation temperature, to reduce the risk of airborne transmission in low-ceiling rooms. Our findings indicate that the thermal environment plays a critical role in the transmission of airborne diseases in confined spaces. © 2023 Author(s).

Satisfaction with Online Study Abroad Predicted by Motivation and Self-Efficacy: A Perspective Based on the Situated Expectancy–Value Theory during the COVID-19 Epidemic

Due to the globalization of the economy, studying abroad has been widely recognized as bringing many benefits to students. However, the closure of campuses and borders around the world since the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020, has brought about significant changes in studying abroad as learning has moved online. In the context of emergency management, a new way of studying online has arisen. Despite this change, few studies have focused on the value perception of and satisfaction with online study abroad (OSA) in the context of the pandemic or have focused on students enrolled in overseas universities. To address this gap, this study proposed six research hypotheses and a hypothesis model based on the situated expectancy-value theory. The study used the snowballing technique to survey Chinese university faculty members who had studied online at overseas universities during the pandemic. A total of 481 valid data were collected, including 214 (44.5%) male and 267 (55.5%) female respondents. The data were then confirmed to have reliability and validity, and the research model was tested. Results indicated that all of the research hypotheses were supported. More specifically, the perceived value of OSA can be positively predicted by academic and career self-efficacy. Academic and career self-efficacy can be positively predicted by OSA motivation. The perceived value of OSA is positively related to satisfaction with OSA. This shows that promoting satisfaction with OSA for international students is a feasible international education program when international mobility is not possible in particular situations. © 2023 by the authors.

Design of humanitarian supply chain system by applying the general two-stage network DEA model

PurposeThe recent COVID-19 outbreak and severe natural disasters make the design of the humanitarian supply chain network (HSCN) a crucial strategic issue in a pre-disaster scenario. The HSCN design problem deals with the location/allocation of emergency response facilities (ERFs). This paper aims to propose and demonstrate how to design an efficient HSCN configuration under the risk of ERF disruptions.Design/methodology/approachThis paper considers four performance measures simultaneously for the HSCN design by formulating a weighted goal programming (WGP) model. Solving the WGP model with different weight values assigned to each performance measure generates various HSCN configurations. This paper transforms a single-stage network into a general two-stage network, treating each HSCN configuration as a decision-making unit with two inputs and two outputs. Then a two-stage network data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach is applied to evaluate the HSCN schemes for consistently identifying the most efficient network configurations.FindingsAmong various network configurations generated by the WGP, the single-stage DEA model does not consistently identify the top-ranked HSCN schemes. In contrast, the proposed transformation approach identifies efficient HSCN configurations more consistently than the single-stage DEA model. A case study demonstrates that the proposed transformation method could provide a more robust and consistent evaluation for designing efficient HSCN systems. The proposed approach can be an essential tool for federal and local disaster response officials to plan a strategic design of HSCN.Originality/valueThis study presents how to transform a single-stage process into a two-stage network process to apply the general two-stage network DEA model for evaluating various HSCN configurations. The proposed transformation procedure could be extended for designing some supply chain systems with conflicting performance metrics more effectively and efficiently.

All the World’s Futures

This chapter expands upon the panel discussion “All the World’s Futures: Global Art and Art History in the Wake of COVID-19" held virtually on March 4, 2021. The title comes from the 2015 Venice Biennale curated by the late Okwui Enwezor, to suggest a consideration of the current state of things as well as future states of things. Organized about a year after the first COVID-19 cases were publicly identified in the US, this panel brought together artists and curators from four continents Ho Tzu Nyen, Serge Alain Nitegeka, and Project Anywhere’s Sean Lowry and Simone Douglas to reflect on the impacts of the pandemic on global practices and even the possibilities that may have arisen. The chapter includes mediations on the themes that emerged in the conversation, as summarized by the panel’s organizers and moderators. “All the World’s Futures” was intended as a prompt, an evocation, even a provocation, because we seem to be in a period of critical discovery and transition. © 2022 Taylor and Francis.

Mechanisms by which cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator may influence SARS-CoV-2 infection

Background: People with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) have chronic, pronounced respiratory damage and have been considered among those at highest risk for serious harm from SARS-CoV-2. Numerous clinical studies have reported that individuals with CF in North America and Europe, although highly susceptible to COVID-19, do not have mortality levels that exceed those of the general population. Method(s): To understand features that might influence lethality of COVID- 19 in PwCF, we tested potential relationships between CFTR and viral pathogenesis. As one approach to evaluate impact of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) on COVID-19 severity, independent sets of blood samples fromvirally infected individualswere genotyped. Bloodwas obtained from 424 U.S. patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 and a much larger European cohort of 7147 healthy individuals and 2587 individuals with severe COVID-19. Deoxyribonucleic acid in both studies was probed for the F508del variant. In other experiments, we investigated the possibility that lack of CFTR might alter viral binding and propagation. We used human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) monolayers from individuals without functional CFTR for this purpose. Finally, we examined effects of CF airway secretions and features such as viscosity, pH, and protease/anti-protease imbalance during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Result(s): We found no evidence of a relationship between deficient CFTR function (based on carrier status for the severe F508del defect) and clinical outcomes from COVID-19. In addition, viral propagation studies using airway epithelial monolayers (a model that reproduces many aspects of in vivo tissue biology) were not influenced by homozygous absence of CFTR. We show that levels of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) appear normal in CF primary epithelium, whereas transmembrane serine protease 2 mRNA is variable but lower ( p < 0.001) in a manner that correlates with viral infectivity (R2 = 0.76). Dependence of viral proliferation on features of CF mucosal fluid-including pH (viral replication optimum at pH 7-7.5), viscosity (diminished propagation in highly viscous apical media), and protease/ anti-protease imbalancewere identified as likely contributors to efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis. Conclusion(s): These findings using patient data, CF and non-CF primary airway epithelia, and CF airway secretions fail to demonstrate a causal relationship between loss of CFTR and susceptibility to severe COVID-19. Notwithstanding the caveat that addition of virus in small buffer volumes disrupts airway surface liquid depth and composition, our findings also argue against a role for CFTR during acute infection of airway cells in vitro. On the other hand, chronic disruption of periciliary liquid, diminished pH, altered protease/anti-protease homeostasis, and increased fluid viscosity (sequelae that occur in CF lungs) were implicated as contributors to impaired SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Such studies provide a basis for future work to test relationships between CFTR and severity of COVID-19. Copyright © 2022, European Cystic Fibrosis Society. All rights reserved

A screen of slide detection method using deep learning-based segmentation and Hough transform

Recently, COVID-19 has accelerated the non-contact culture. Many presentations, such as workshops and conferences, are conducted in an online and offline hybrid mode in a conference room. In presentations, a screen of the slide is particularly important. Therefore, we propose an algorithm that detects the screen in an image. Firstly, a screen region is extracted using a deep learning-based instance segmentation method. However, this extracted region has a noisy boundary. We designed an image processing algorithm composed of 7 main steps to solve this noise and detect the screen. To validate the proposed method, a real dataset was qualitatively evaluated, and the result images show that only meaningful screen regions in the test image can be extracted. © 2022 IEEE.

Comprehensive assessment of vertical variations in urban atmospheric CO2 concentrations by using tall tower measurement and an atmospheric transport model

In this study, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the vertical CO2 concentration in the urban atmosphere using measurements at two different heights (113 m and 420 m) in Seoul, South Korea. The difference in CO2 concentration between the two altitudes (△CO2 = CO2 at 113 m minus CO2 at 420 m) showed a significant diurnal variation, with the highest at 07:00 (19.9 ppm) and the lowest at 16:00 (3.9 ppm). When the planetary boundary layer (PBL) rose above the two sites (daytime), the CO2 concentrations at the two altitudes were highly correlated (r = 0.87) with low △CO2. In contrast, when the PBL was located between the two sites (night time), the correlation coefficient of the CO2 concentration between the two altitudes decreased by 0.55 with a high △CO2. To explain the cause of this variation in △CO2 according to PBL, we performed Weather Research and Forecasting-stochastic time-inverted Lagrangian transport (WRF-STILT) simulations. Simulations showed that CO2 measurements at two different heights were influenced by the same nearby urban areas during the daytime. However, the site above the PBL only measured the CO2 of air transported from the outside downtown area during the night time. Consequently, the observed night time △CO2 is explained by the difference in air mass between the two measurements owing to PBL variations. The night time △CO2 further implicates the local attribution of observed CO2 below the PBL by removing the effect from the remote area. Because of this unique night time characteristic of △CO2, we evaluated the changes in CO2 concentration in Seoul during the COVID-19 period. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, △CO2 clearly decreased from 26.5 ppm to 6.2 ppm with the implementation of social distancing, thus confirming the decreasing local influence of CO2 concentrations. Our findings highlight the potential of atmospheric CO2 monitoring at high altitudes as an observation-based method to assess the effectiveness of local carbon management. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

SkinTracker: A novel smartphone app enabling remote clinical research in dermatology

A highly visual practice, dermatology as a field has significant potential to use emerging technology such as mobile applications for research and patient-centered mapping of the disease process. The UCSF team is working to create SkinTracker, a mobile application for patients with skin disease to remotely participate in clinical trials and research studies. The initial iteration of the application focuses on atopic dermatitis. The application includes an enrollment and consent module, validated surveys including the Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for itch, link to a wearable device that collects biometric data, a voice diary, and a patient-directed photography module to facilitate physician evaluation of disease. Also included is the ability to report medication use, adverse events, and the ability to chat with the study team. The patient information is available to the research team on a secure online website, where researchers can assess patient photographs to perform Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scoring, note important patient observations from the voice diary, and view quantitative data from both patient surveys and health measures like physical activity, sleep, and environmental factors. We believe this application and website will facilitate patient interest and participation in research, continue research despite in-person restrictions placed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and allow enrollment of more diverse patients for clinical studies who would otherwise be less likely to participate in research due to time or financial constraints.

PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AMONG TEENAGERS WITH DIABETES

Introduction The management of teenagers with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic has become more challenging with the negative psychosocial impact brought upon by the pandemic. Methodology We embarked on a cross-sectional study to identify the factors influencing glycaemic control (HbA1c) among teenagers with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interviews regarding lifestyle changes were conducted among teenagers with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), followed by the administration of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results A total of 59 adolescents with T1DM (32 males, 54.2%) and 31 patients with T2DM (10 males, 32.3%) were recruited. Overall, the HbA1c worsened from 9.13% before the COVID-19 pandemic to 9.33% during the pandemic (p-value 0.039). Significant factors which negatively influenced glycaemic control were male sex, puberty, prolonged screen time, presence of symptoms of anxiety/stress, and T2DM. However, skipping breakfast, sleep adequacy and physical activity did not directly influence the HbA1c. About one-third of the participants suffered from some form of mental disturbance (31.1% of patients had depressive symptoms, 38.9% of patients had anxiety symptoms, and 23.3% of patients experienced stress). The incidence of depression was higher among participants with T2DM, while anxiety and stress were higher among those with T1DM. Male gender, good glycaemic control pre-pandemic, and prepubertal status were associated with depressive symptoms during the pandemic. Conclusion Besides the disruption of daily routine, glycaemic control worsened among diabetic adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. A holistic management plan is needed to address the psychosocial concerns of this group to ensure optimal mental well-being and appropriate glycaemic control.

Malignant cerebral infarction after COVID-19 myocarditis in 22-year-old female: a case report

Background: Ischemic stroke is one of the serious neurological complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, ischemic stroke can develop secondary complications after cardiac involvement in COVID-19. Case Report: We report the case of a 22-year-old patient who presented with malignant cerebral infarction 10 months after COVID-19-related myocarditis. A 22-year-old woman was referred to the emergency room because of abnormal mental status changes. She developed heart failure and arrhythmia after COVID-19-related myocarditis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging that was indicative of acute cerebral infarction in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and left anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory. In addition, occlusion of both the left MCA and ACA was observed on brain MRI. Craniectomy with therapeutic hypothermia was performed to treat the cerebral edema. Conclusion: This case suggests that caution is needed in survivors with secondary complications after COVID-19. © 2022 The Korean Neurocritical Care Society.

A SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING APPROACH AND ATTITUDES PREDICT COGNITIVE FATIGUE AND COGNITIVE PRESENCE DURING ONLINE LEARNING, AND PERCEIVED ONLINE LEARNING INEFFECTIVENESS: THE CASE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS

During the outbreak of the new coronavirus disease COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) epidemic, online learning has changed the traditional learning model. The purpose of this research was to explore how the antecedent of self-directed learning approach and attitudes of online learning can affect participants’ perceptions of cognitive fatigue and immersion during online learning that reflect their perceptions of the learning ineffectiveness of online learning. Design/methodology/approach This research adopted convenience sampling to collect data. During the period of the COVID-19 epidemic, the target participants were higher education students who adopted distance learning in the lockdown area of China. A questionnaire was posted on the Tencent questionnaire system for participants to fill out. The sample data of 155 college students were validly collected and subjected to test reliability and structural equation modeling using the SmartPLS 3.0 software to verify the research model proposed in this study. Findings/results The study found that self-directed learning attitudes were negatively related to online learning cognitive fatigue, but were positively related to cognitive presence;the self-directed learning approach was negatively related to online learning cognitive fatigue, but was positively related to cognitive presence. Moreover, online learning cognitive fatigue was positively related to perceived learning ineffectiveness, whereas cognitive presence was negatively related to perceived learning ineffectiveness. Originality/value In the new learning mode under the threat of the COVID-19 epidemic, this study explored the interaction between students' selfdirected learning, focused learning, and cognitive fatigue during the online learning process. Although there is no in-depth discussion on related research that affects learners’ perception of their learning outcomes, based on TAT (Trait activation theory), this study first divided self-directed learning into two categories: approach and attitude, and found how self-directed learning traits can predict online learning mental state, such as deactivator-cognitive fatigue and activator–immersion that affected the perceived effectiveness of online learning during the COVID-19 epidemic. Suggestions/implications The results of this study divided self-directed learning into approach and attitudes and indicated that both approach and attitudes of self-directed learning should be promoted by school teachers. Moreover, to design good distance learning programs, it is necessary to stimulate students’ mental state to learn and explore actively. Teachers can design interactive prompts or a reminding service in the teaching process to promote students’ cognitive presence and reduce their Internet cognitive fatigue, and to strengthen the overall learning effect. © 2022. Contemporary Educational Research Quarterly.All Rights Reserved

Perceived Helicopter Parenting Related to Vocational Senior High School Students’ Academic Achievement and Smartphone Addiction

Background and Purpose of Research Adolescents use their smartphones for various purposes, for example, following distance/online learning, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, staying in touch with friends, having fun using social media tools. According to the social ecological model, risk behaviors, like substance consumption, are regarded as behavior problems. Relatively, etiology is derived of youths’ embeddedness surrounded by their social networks, mainly throughout sensitive development periods (Bishop et al., 2020). Given the prevalence of smartphone addiction among young students, previous studies have explored the relationships between smartphone addiction and students’ learning and indicated there is negative outcomes of smartphone resulting from overuse of mobile phones, including poor sleep quality. However, there some antecedents of smartphone addiction which has not extendedly studied, for example, parenting style, thus, the present study aimed to explore the correlates between parenting styles, academic achievement and smartphone addiction. Parenting that reflects a combination of support and behavioral control has been linked to numerous indices of academic well-being and live functioning from early childhood through adolescence. In regarding the term helicopter parenting indicated that parents involve hovering behaviors and are potentially over-involved in the lives of their child or in their academic work (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012). But empirical research has not adequately used these two construct from other controlling parenting practices to predict children’s smartphone addiction, thus, the present study applied two types of helicopter parenting: Live hovering and academic hovering of parenting for of emerging adults, to explain the prediction of children’s smartphone addiction. According to Bronfenbrenner (1979) micro ecological system that discusses the association between person-process-content (PPC), who described “person-process-context model” (PPCM) that occurs variability in development procedure as considered in this paper as a functional context (mobile phone usage), person (parenting styles) and process (academic achievement). Not only has cultural ecology be likely to pursue its complications in issues originating from social and cultural topics, but intricate schools of understanding of culture-nature relationship have developed for certain risk behavior. For example, helicopter parenting is more obvious in Chinese families than Western ones, even though the parents want their children to grow up to be independent and think for themselves. Particularly, Chinese parents are more concerned about their children’s schoolwork when they are teenagers, which leads to increased helicopter parenting problems, exacerbating issues such as lack of independence, lack of control, and not knowing how to self-manage smartphone use, which can in turn lead to smartphone addiction. If parents are in constant hovering of their children’s lives or schoolwork, children develop dependent behaviors. Some studies have indicated that a child’s dependent behaviors result in lower motivation to learn and reduced academic achievement. In line with this, drawn on PPCM to understanding the role of academic hovering and live hovering affect participants’ smartphone addiction mediated by academic achievement, hypotheses are proposed as follows. Hypotheses (1) Live hovering has a negative effect on academic achievement. (2) Academic hovering has a negative effect on academic achievement. (3) Academic achievement has a negative effect on smartphone addiction. (4) Live hovering has a positive effect on smartphone addiction. (5) Academic hovering has a positive effect on smartphone addiction. Methodology Questionnaire was designed by adapting and translated from previous researched and gave to domain experts to ensure the content validity. Afterward, a purposive sampling was adapted in this study, a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to 4 vocational senior high schools located in Taipei City. 354 of which were collected, resulting in a questionnaire collection rate of 88.5%. After 64 invalid questionnaires were excluded, 290 valid questionnaires remained, resulting in a valid questionnaire collection rate of 81.92%. Factor analysis was conducted on the valid questionnaires. Results First, helicopter parenting, live and academic hovering had a negative association with academic achievement, with an explanatory power of 20.8%. Second, academic achievement had a negative association with smartphone addiction, with an explanatory power of 38.6%. Third, helicopter parenting had a negative association with smartphone addiction. Fourth, academic hovering had a negative association with smartphone addiction mediated by academic achievement, with an explanatory power of 20.8%. The results of the study thus indicate that young people who are not independent in life or schoolwork tend to rely on their parents, are less able to control their smartphone use, and are more likely to develop smartphone addiction. By contrast, young people who are independent in life and schoolwork and do not need to rely on their parents have control over their smartphone use and are less likely to develop smartphone addiction. Conclusions and Recommendations The results of this study demonstrate that if vocational senior high school students are overly dependent on their parents in life or schoolwork, they may have lower academic achievement and therefore, they are not motivated to achieve strong academic results and will not restrain their desire to spend time on using smartphone, resulting in a tendency toward smartphone addiction. However, when vocational senior high school students do not have to rely on their parents to a great extent in life or schoolwork, they are able to act independently, attain high academic achievement, determine what they want to achieve, and arrange how they will accomplish their goals. Therefore, they have the ability to control the time they spend using their phones and will not develop smartphone addiction. This study suggests that parents should let their children learn to be independent and autonomous, which should help to effectively reduce the problem of smartphone addiction. Finally, conducting this study highlighted possibilities for future research. Some studies suggest that fathers and mothers do not necessarily share the same parenting style, and hence, it is suggested that in a questionnaire survey, the hovering styles of fathers and mothers could be differentiated and then analyzed through a differential analysis. In addition, some smartphone use can be designed with time of use to control using time (e.g., Chinese government limited the hours for children to use smartphone). However, how is the effect of the regulation to students’ smartphone addiction should be further studied. © 2021, National Taiwan Normal University. All rights reserved.

Microdroplet Impact Dynamics at Very High Velocity on Face Masks for COVID-19 Protection

Facial masks have become indispensable in daily life to prevent infection and spread through respiratory droplets in the era of the corona pandemic. To understand how effective two different types of masks (i.e., KF-94 mask and dental mask) are in blocking respiratory droplets, i) we preferentially analyze wettability characteristics (e.g., contact angle and contact angle hysteresis) of filters consisting of each mask, and ii) subsequently observe the dynamic behaviors of microdroplets impacting at high velocities on the filter surfaces. Different wetting properties (i.e., hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity) are found to exhibit depending on the constituent materials and pore sizes of each filter. In addition, the pneumatic conditions for stably and uniformly dispensing microdroplets with a certain volume and impacting behaviors associated with the impacting velocity and filter type change are systematically explored. Three distinctive dynamics constituting the masks and droplet impact velocity. The present experimental results not only provide very useful

Motorcycle Accident Casualties During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Taiwan

A descriptive time series study of casualties from motorcycle accidents in Taiwan between 2016 and 2020. The data on casualties were obtained from the road safety information system provided by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Between 2016 and 2020 the casualties increased from 2,571 to 3,191 (an increase of 241% in casualty rates during the period studied). High casualty rates in 2020 were observed in Taiwan. There was a significant increase in motorcycle accident casualty rates for the country as a whole during the studied period. © 2022 IEEE.